CONCEPT OF SEED DETERIORATION: REASON, FACTORS, CHANGES DURING DETERIORATION AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO OVERCOME SEED DEGRADATION
Main Article Content
Abstract
Seed deterioration is when a seed loses its vigor and eventually loses viability. Seed viability is an important trait that directly influences seedling emergence and crop yield. The rate of seed deterioration varies on several factors. Our main aims were to express the methods for testing seed deterioration, factors influencing seed aging, stages of seed deterioration, changes associated with seed deterioration, Practical approaches to overcome seed deterioration, and the role of reactive oxygen species during seed aging. From this investigation, it can be concluded that high temperatures and high relative humidity can hasten the degradation of seeds. An increase in the loss of seed leachate, a drop in respiration rates and ATP production, a loss of enzyme activity, and organelle structural breakdown are often seen as changes as seeds age. Various factors can cause seed aging, but the main cause is probably oxidative damage brought on by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA damage can all be induced by ROS, which can have critical interactions with any macromolecule of biological significance. In the early stages of imbibition, some repairs may occur, and seeds will lose their viability within a short period. Seed deterioration can be retrieved through different priming and exogenous application of plant growth regulators.
JEL Classification Codes: Q1, Q2, N5.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ahmed, M.R., Yasmin, J., Collins, W., Lohumi, S., & Cho, B.K., 2019. Assessment of the morphological structure of watermelon and muskmelon seeds as related to viability. J. Biosyst. Eng. 44, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-019-00018-w
Apel, K., & Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55, 373-399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701
Bailly, C. (2004).Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Sci. Res. 14, 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2004159
Balesevic-Tubic, S., Maleneiae, D., Tatic, M., & Miladinovic, J. (2005). Influence of aging process on biochemical changes in the sunflower seed. Helia, 28, 107-114. https://doi.org/10.2298/hel0542107b
Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. (2020).Breaking seed dormancy during dry storage: a useful tool or major problem for successful restoration via direct seeding.Plants.9, 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050636
Bewley, J. D., Bradford, K. J., Hilhorst, H.W.M., & Nonogaki, H. (2013). In: Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy, third ed. Springer–Verlag, New York. https://doi.org/10.10007/978-1-4614-4693-4
Bhatia, V.S Yadav, S., Jumrani, K., & Guruprasad, K.N. (2010). Field deterioration of biochemical changes during seed deterioration in aged seeds of rice (Oryza et al.), America Journal of Plant Physiology, 6, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpp.2011.28.35
Bhattacharjee, S. (2019). ROS in aging and senescence. In: Bhattacharjee, S. (Ed.), Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Biology. Springer–Verlag, New Delhi, pp. 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3941-3_3
Biswas, M.S., Terada, R., & Mano, J. (2020). Inactivation of carbonyl-detoxifying enzymes by H2O2 is a trigger to increase carbonyl load for initiating programmed cell death in plants. Antioxidants 9, 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020141
Bradford, K.J. (1986). Manipulation of seed water relations via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions.Horticultural Science, 21, 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.21.5.1105
Bray, C.M., Davison, P.A., Ashraf, M., &Taylor, R.M. (1989). Biochemical changes during osmopriming of leek seeds. Annals of Botany, pp. 63, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087722
Brock-lehurst, P. A., & Dearman J. (2008). Interaction between seed priming treatments and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion.II- seedling emergence and plant growth.Annals of Applied Biology, 102, 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1983.tb02729.x.
Caseiro, R.F., & Marcos-Filho, J. (2002). Procedures for cold test in maize seeds: prechilling and position of substrate inside the cold room. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 24, 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222002000100002
Cavatassi, R., Lipper, L., & Narloch, U. (2010). Modern variety adoption and risk management in drought-prone areas: insights from the sorghum farmers of eastern Ethiopia. Agric Econ. 42:279–292
Chakraborty, A., Bordolui, S.K., Nandi, D., & Mahato, M.K. (2020). Seed Deterioration Pattern of Some China Aster During Storage. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 9(03), 1499-1506. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.175
Chen, B., Yin, G., James, W., Zhang, Z., Xia, X. & He, J. (2019). Composition of mitochondrial complex I during the critical node of seed aging in Oryzasativa.J. Plant Physiol., 236, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2019.02.008
Chen, H., Chu, P.Y., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Liu, J., & Ding, Y. (2012). Overexpression of AtOGG1, a DNA glycosylase/AP lyase, enhances seed longevity and abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. J. Exp. Bot. 63, 4107–4121. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers093
Chen, H., Osuna, D., Colville, L., Lorenzo, O., Graeber, K., & Kuester, H. (2013). Transcriptome-wide mapping of pea seed aging reveals a pivotal role for genes related to oxidative stress and programmed cell death. PloS One, 8, e78471. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/f8467b75-4eef-4c44-ad20-eee34c784a66
Cheng, H., Ma, X., Jia, S., Li, M., & Mao, P. (2020).Transcriptomic analysis reveals the changes in energy production and the AsA-GSH cycle in oat embryos during seed aging. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 153, 40-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.054
Copeland, L.O., & Mc Donald, M.F. (2012). In: Principles of Seed Science and Technology, fourth ed. Springer Science & Business Media, New York, NY. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Principles_of_Seed_Science_and_Technolog.html?id=TTWVCO19AwEC&redir_esc=y
Dantas, A.F., Fascineli, M.L., Solange, C.B.R., Jos´eP´adua, J.G., Gimenes, M.A., & Grisolia, C.K. (2019). Loss of genetic integrity in artificially aged seed lots of rice (Oryza sativaL.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mutat. Res. Gen. Tox. En.846, 403080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.07.008
De Carvalho, L.F., Sediyama, C.S. Reis, M.S., Dias D.C.F.S., & Moreira, M.A. (2009). Influence of soaking temperature of soybean seeds in the electric conductivity test to evaluate physiological quality. Revista Brasileira Sementes, 31, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222009000100001
Ebone, L.A., Caverzan, A., & Chavarria, G. (2019).Physiologic alterations in orthodox seeds due to deterioration processes.Plant Physiol. Biochem. 145, 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.028
Ellis, R.H. & Hong, T.D. (2006). Temperature sensitivity of the low-moisture-content limit to negative seed longevity-moisture content relationships in hermetic storage.Ann. Bot., 97, 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl035
Farhadi, R., Rahmani, M.R., Salehi, B.M., & Sadeghi, M. (2012).The effect of artificial aging on germination components and seedling growth of basil (Ocimum basilica L.) seeds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology, 2, 69-72. Retrieved from https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JAFT/J.%20Agric.%20Food.%20Tech.,%202(4)69-72,%202012.pdf
Farooq, M., Basra, S.M.A., & Rehman H. (2006). Seed priming enhances the emergence, yield, and quality of direct-seeded rice. International Rice Research Notes, 31, 42-44. https://doi.org/10.3860/irrn.v31i2.1132
Farooq, M., Basra, S.M.A., Wahid, A., Ahmad, N., & Saleem, B.A. (2009).Improving the drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid.Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195, 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2009.00365.x
Filho J.M. (2015). Seed vigor testing: an overview of the past, present and future perspective. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba Brazil), 72, 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0007
Finch-Savage, W.E., & Bassel, G.W. (2016). Seed vigor and crop establishment: extending performance beyond adaptation. J. Exp. Bot. 67:567–591. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv490
Fleming, M.B., Richards, C.M., & Walters, C. (2017). The decline in RNA integrity of dry-stored soybean seeds correlates with loss of germination potential. J. Exp. Bot. 68, 2219–2230. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx100
Hampton, J.G. Johnstone, K.A., & Eua-upon, V. (1992). Bulk conductivity test variables for mungbean, soybean, and french bean seed lots. Seed Science and Technology, 20, 677–686. Retrieved from https://worldveg.tind.io/record/20004?ln=en
Harrington, J.F. (1972). Seed storage and longevity. In: Kozlowski, T.T. (Ed.), Seed Biology, vol. III. Academic Press, New York, 145–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-395605-7.50009-0
Hartmann-Filho, C.P., Goneli, A.L.D., Masetto, T.E., Martins, E.A.S., & Oba, G.C. (2016).The effect of drying temperatures and storage of seeds on the growth of soybean seedlings. J. Seed Sci. 38, 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v38n4161866
Hohn, A., Konig, J., & Grune, T. (2013). Protein oxidation in aging and the removal of oxidized proteins. J. Proteomics. 92, 132-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.004
Hu, D., Ma, G., Wang, Q., Yao, J., Wang, Y., & Pritchard, H.W. (2012). Spatial and temporal nature of reactive oxygen species production and programmed cell death in elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds during controlled deterioration. Plant Cell Environ. 35, 2045-2059. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02535.x
Imlay, J.A. (2003). Pathways of oxidative damage. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 57, 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090938
Kapoor, N., Arya, A., Siddiqui, M.A., Amir, A., & Kumar, H. (2010).Seed deterioration in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under accelerated aging.Asian Journal of Plant Science, 9(3), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2010.158.162
Kapoor, N., Arya, A., Siddiqui, M.A., Kumar, H., & Amir, A. (2011). Physiology and biochemical changes during seed deterioration in aged seeds of rice (Oryza sativa L.). America Journal of Plant Physiology, 6(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpp.2011.28.35
Khatun, A., Kabir, G., & Bhuiyan, M.A.H. (2009).Effect of harvesting stages on the seed quality of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) during storage, Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 34, 565-576. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5833
Koehler, K.H., Voigt, B., Spittler, H., & Schelenz, M. (1997).Biochemical events after priming and osmo conditioning of seeds. pp: 531-536. In: Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology. (Eds. Ellis, R.H., M. Black, A.J. Murdoch, and T.D. Hong). Springer, New York, ISBN: 978-94-010-6410-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_58
Kranner, I., Chen, H., Pritchard, H.W., Pearce, S.R., & Birti´c, S. (2011). Inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and loss of RNA integrity during seed aging.Plant Growth Regul, 63, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-010-9512-7
Kumari, P., Bordolui, S.K., & Sadhukhan, R. (2017). Seed quality deterioration of some winter flowers during storage.Journal of Crop and Weed, 13(1), 164-169.DOI: https://www.cropandweed.com/archives/2017/vol13issue1/13-1-31.pdf
Li, C., Li, C., Wang, B., Zhang, R., Fu, K., Gale, W.J., & Li, C. (2018). Programmed cell death in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm cells is affected by drought stress. Protoplasma255, 1039–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1203-7
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Xue, H., Pritchard, H.W., & Wang, X. (2017). Changes in the mitochondrial protein profile due to ROS eruption during the aging of elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 114, 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.02.023
Loeffler, N.L., Meier, J.L. & Burris, J.S. (1985).Comparison of two cold test procedures for use in maize-drying studies. Seed Science and Technology, 13, 653-658.
Long, R.L., Gorecki, M.J., Renton, M., Scott, J.K., Colville, L., & Goggin, D.E. (2015). The ecophysiology of seed persistence: a mechanistic view of the journey to germination or demise. Biol. Rev. 90, 31–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12095
Matthews, S. (1993). Aging tests as a basis for the evaluation of seed quality. ActaHorticulturae, 362, 251-262. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.362.31
McDonald, M.B. & Nelson, C.J. (1986).Physiology of Seed Deterioration.CSSA Species Publication No. 11. Crop Science Society of America, WI, USA. https://doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub11
McDonald, M.B. (1999). Seed deterioration: physiology, repair, and assessment. Seed Sci. Technol. 27(1), 177–237. https://eurekamag.com/research/011/333/011333465.php
Mira, S., Estrelles, E., & Gonz´alez-Benito, M.E. (2015).Effect of water content and temperature on seed longevity of seven Brassicaceae species after 5 years of storage.Plant Biol. 17, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12183
Mohammadi, H, Soltani, A., Sadeghipour, H.R. &Zeinali, E. (2011). Effects of seed aging on subsequent seed reserve utilization and seedling growth in soybean. International Journal of Plant Production, 5, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.22069/IJPP.2012.720
Mohammadi, H., Soltani, A. Sadeghipour, H.R., & Zeinali, E. (2011). Electrical aging on subsequent seed reserve utilization and seedling growth in soybean. International Journal of Plant Production, 5, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.22069/IJPP.2012.720
Moller, I.M., Igamberdiev, A.U., Bykova, N.V., Finkemeier, I., Rasmusson, A.G. & Schwarzlander, M. (2020). Matrix redox physiology governs the regulation of plant mitochondrial metabolism through posttranslational protein modifications. Plant Cell.32, 573-594. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.19.00535
Mudgett, M.B., Lowenson, J.D., & Clarke, S. (1997). Protein repair L-iso aspartyl methyltransferase in plants (phylogenetic distribution and the accumulation of substrate proteins in aged barley seeds. Plant Physiol. 115, 1481–1489. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.115.4.1481
Nagel, M., & Borner, A. (2010).The longevity of crop seeds stored under ambient conditions.Seed Sci. Res. 20, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258509990213
Oenel, A., Fekete, A., Krischke, M., Faul, S.C., Gresser, G. & Havaux, M. (2017). Enzymatic and non–enzymatic mechanisms contribute to lipid oxidation during seed aging. Plant Cell Physiol. 58, 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcx036
Padua, G.P., França-neto, J.B., Carvalho, M.L.M., Krzyzanowski, F.C., & Guimaraes, R.M. (2009). Incidence of green soybean seeds as a function of environmental stresses during seed maturation. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 31, 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222009000300017
Pournik, S., Abbasi-Rostami, M., Sadeghipour, H.R., & Ghaderi-Far, F. (2019). True lipases, besides phospholipases, contribute to walnut kernel viability loss during controlled deterioration and natural aging. Environ. Exp. Bot. 164, 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.04.016
Powell, A.A., & Matthews, S. (1981). Evaluation of controlled deterioration, a new vigor test for small seeded vegetables.Seed Science and Technology, 9, 633–640. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evaluation-of-controlled-deterioration%2C-a-new-test-Powell-Matthews/40f63fa72b4cc2af6515f1d47a8574679920fa9e
Rajjou, L., Lovigny, Y., Groot, S.P., Belghazi, M., Job, C., & Job, D. (2008). Proteome–wide characterization of seed aging in Arabidopsis: a comparison between artificial and natural aging protocols. Plant Physiol. 148, 620-641. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.123141
Ranganathan, U., & Groot, S.P.C. (2023). Seed Longevity and Deterioration. In: Dadlani, M., Yadava, D.K. (eds) Seed Science and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5888-5_5
Rao, N.K., Dulloo, M.E., & Engels, J.M. (2017).A review of factors that influence quality seed production for long-term conservation in gene banks. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 64, 1061-1074. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-016-0425-9#:~:text=However%2C%20other%20attributes%20of%20seed,equally%20important%20to%20the%20genebanks
Ray, J., & Bordolui S.K. (2020). Seed Storing Potential of Some Marigold Genotypes during Storage.Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 9(05), 2470-2486. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.283
Ray, J., & Bordolui S.K. (2022).Effect of seed treatments and storing period on physiological and biochemical parameters of tomato during storage. Journal of Crop and Weed, 18(2), 230-239. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2022/v34i2031156
Sano, N., Rajjou, L., North, H.M., Debeaujon, I., Marion-Poll, A., & Seo, M. (2016).Staying alive: molecular aspects of seed longevity. Plant Cell Physiol. 57. 660-674. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcv186
Satour, P., Youssef, C., Chˆatelain, E., Vu, B.L., Teulat, B., & Job, C. (2018). Patterns of protein carbonylation during Medicago truncatula seed maturation. Plant Cell Environ. 41, 2183-2194. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13194
Shelar, V.R. (2008). Role of mechanical damage in deterioration of soybean seed quality during storage- a review. Agricultural Review, 29,177-184. Retrieved from https://arccjournals.com/journal/agricultural-reviews/ARCC2503
Smakowska, E., Czarna, M., & Janska, H., (2014). Mitochondrial ATP-dependent proteases in protection against accumulation of carbonylated proteins.Mitochondrion.19, 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.005
Smith, M.T., & Berjak, P. (1995). Deteriorative changes associated with the loss of viability of stored desiccation-tolerant and desiccation-sensitive seeds. In: Jaime, J., Galili, G. (Eds.), Seed Development and Germination. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 701-746. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071-26
Song, S.Q., Tian, X., & Fu, J.R., (2007). Possible involvement of programmed cell death events during accelerated aging of Glycine max axes. In: Adkins, S.W., Ashmore, S., Navie, S.C. (Eds.), Seeds: Biology, Development and Ecology. CABI Int., Wallingford, pp. 339-350. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845931971.0071
Su, X., Xin, L., Li, Z., Zheng, H., Mao, J., & Yang, Q. (2018). Physiology and transcriptome analyses reveal a protective effect of the radical scavenger melatonin in aging maize seeds. Free Radic. Res. 52, 1094-1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2018.1472378
Taylor, A.G., Allen, P.S., Bennet, M.A., Bradford, K.J., Burris, J.S., & Misra, M.K. (1998). Seed enhancements. Seed Science and Research, 8, 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258500004141
TeKrony, D.M. (2005). Accelerated aging tests: principles and procedures. Seed Technology, 27, 135-146. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23433228
Van Hautegem, T., Waters, A.J., Goodrich, J., & Nowack, M.K. (2015). Only in dying, life: programmed cell death during plant development. Trends Plant Sci. 20, 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.003
Verma, P., Kaur, H., Petla, B. P., Rao, V., Saxena, S. C. & Majee, M. (2013). Protein Lisoaspartyl methyl transferase is differentially expressed in chickpeas and enhances seed vigor and longevity by reducing abnormal iso-aspartyl accumulation predominantly in seed nuclear proteins. Plant Physiology, 161, 1141-1157. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.206243
Walters, C. & Engels, J. (1998).The effects of storing seeds under extremely dry conditions. Seed Sci. Res. 8, 3–8. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236280373_The_effects_of_storing_seeds_under_extremely_dry_conditions
Wang, T., Leskovar, D.I., & Cobb, B.G. (2014). Respiration during germination of diploid and triploid watermelon. Seed Sci. Technol. 42, 313-321. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2014.42.3.01
Wang, W.Q., Cheng, H.Y., Moller, I.M., & Song, S.Q. (2012).The role of recovery of mitochondrial structure and function in desiccation tolerance of pea seeds.Physiol. Plantarum 144, 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01518.x
Wang, Y., Li, Y., Xue, H., Pritchard, H.W., & Wang, X. (2015).Reactive oxygen species-provoked mitochondria-dependent cell death during aging of elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds.Plant J. 81, 438–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12737
Waszczak, C., Carmody, M. & Kangasjarvi, J. (2018).Reactive oxygen species in plant signaling.Annu. Rev. PlantBiol. 69, 209-236. https://doi/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040322
Waterworth, W.M., Masnavi, G., Bhardwaj, R.M., Jiang, Q., Bray, C.M., &West, C.E. (2010). A plant DNA ligase is an important determinant of seed longevity. Plant J. 63, 848-860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04285.x
Winger, A.M., Taylor, N.L., Heazlewood, J.L., Day, D.A., & Millar, A.H. (2007). The cytotoxic lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal covalently modifies a selective range of proteins linked to respiratory function in plant mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem, 282, 37436–37447. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M702385200
Xin, X., Tian, Q., Yin, G., Chen, X., Zhang, J., & Ng, S. (2014). Reduced mitochondrial and ascorbate–glutathione activity after artificial aging in soybean seed. J. Plant Physiol. 171, 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.016
Xu, L., Xin, X., Yin, G., Zhou, J., Zhou, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). Timing for antioxidant-priming against rice seed aging: optimal only in the non-resistant stage. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70189-6
Zhang, K., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Meng, J., & Tao, J. (2021). Deterioration of orthodox seeds during aging: Influencing factors, physiological alterations and the role of reactive oxygen species, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 158, 475–485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.031.